Labor Management Institute, Inc. (LMI) publishes the PSS™ Annual Survey of Hours Report©, a nationally recognized hospital benchmark now in its 36th year. Originally developed as the first national database for Nursing by Nurses, the survey has evolved into one of the most comprehensive workforce management resources available to hospitals today.
The survey includes hours of care for direct, indirect, and total worked by unit of service, such as:
- Hours Per Patient Day (HPPD)
- Hours Per Visit
- Hours Per Surgical Case
- Hours Per Delivery
- And other unit‑specific measures
In addition, the report provides Detailed caregiver‑to‑patient ratios by unit type for:
- Registered Nurses (RNs)
- Licensed Practical/Vocational Nurses (LPN/LVNs)
- Nursing Assistants (NAs)
- Clinical Nurse Specialists (CNSs)
Data is collected for 95-unit types across 13 service lines, representing teaching, community, and rural hospitals nationwide. Each service line section includes comparative tables summarizing hours of care, and staffing ratios by unit type.
The report provides multi‑year comparisons for over 170 workforce management questions, including:
- Average cost per inpatient day
- Overtime hours and dollars
- Agency and traveler usage
- Non‑unit‑based educators
- Staffing office and float pool utilization
- Age and education
- Time to fill RN positions by hospital type
LMI has designed and conducted research studies across a wide range of staffing, scheduling, and workforce management topics.
Data is also collected on non‑unit‑based educators, nurse manager span of control, and other workforce elements reflecting the recommendations of the Institute of Medicine’s 2004 Keeping Patients Safe report.
